Among the following, what is a common limitation of Dye Penetrant Inspection?

Dye Penetrant Inspection (DPI) is a non-destructive testing method that is highly effective for detecting surface-breaking flaws in non-porous materials. A common limitation of this method is that it requires proper surface preparation to be effective. The surface must be clean, free of oils, dirt, and other contaminants to ensure that the penetrant can adequately fill any cracks or voids present. If proper cleaning is not performed, it can lead to false negatives, where flaws go undetected.

Surface preparation involves various techniques such as grinding, sanding, or using solvents, depending on the material and the nature of any surface coatings that might be present. This requirement is crucial, as any contaminants can prevent the penetrant from seeping into the flaws, rendering the inspection ineffective.

The other options describe scenarios that are not accurate limitations of Dye Penetrant Inspection. This inspection can be used in field applications as well as laboratory settings, though proper technique and training are essential. Although certified personnel often conduct the inspection for compliance and safety reasons, legislation regarding certification varies by jurisdiction and is not a universal requirement. Additionally, while lighting conditions can affect visibility during the inspection process, DPI can still be performed under various lighting conditions if the proper tools are used